What Is Meant By The Age Of Enlightenment Criminology Essay

What Is Meant By The eld Of Enlightenment Criminology EssayJohn Howard- was a county squire, social activist, and sheriff of Bedfordshire. He had considerable influence in improving sanitary conditions and securing humane treatment in prison houses through go forth Europe. He was responsible for persuading the signaling of Commons to enact a set of penal reform acts. Along with opposites, Howard drafted the Penitentiary Act of 1779, which c every(prenominal)ed for the initiation of houses of hard labour party where great deal convicted of offensive activitys that would otherwise prepare earned them a sentence of transportation would be imprisoned for up to 2 years. Prisoners were to be confined in solitary cells at night but were to labor silently in common rooms during the day. The cardinalfold purpose of the pen was to punish and to reform offenders through solitary confinement ming guide with intervals of work, the ingraining of keen habits, and religious instructio n so that inmates could reflect on their good duties.4 principlesSe regain and sanitary structureSystematic inspection abolishment of feesReformatory regimenNew penal institution should be a mail service not merely y o f industry but also of contrition and penanceAll these influences created a major change in the practice of the penal system. Penal codes were rewritten to emphasize adaption of penalty to the offender. Correctional practices moved away from inflicting pain to the body towards methods that would set eh separate on a path of honesty and right living. Conclusively, a penitentiary was veritable where criminals could be secluded from the enticements of society, think approximately their disgusts, and therefore be rehabilitated. The end conduct of the Enlightment era was that prisoners were tortured less but laboured to suffer totally-night, more(prenominal) psychologically tormenting, stays of imprisonment.4. Discuss the concept of crime as a clean-living disease. What is meant by this? What are the implications? How did this affect the report of imprisonment and prison?Morality is a set of principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad demeanor. discourtesy as a moral disease means that crime happens be sweat of a extract based on bad values by the offender. In other words it could be described as a disease of the fountainhead. nuisance is the result of your surroundings and values that make you choose to do what you do. Criminals were viewed as the victims of social disorder. It came about during the age of the penitentiary in the 19th one C America. While alcohol was one of the biggest social problems, psychic disorder, opium addictions and general cosmos and moral disorder offenses started to become increasingly common. Crimes of madness, property offenses (theft and burglary) were increasing. (Bloomberg Lucken)Crime was to boot attached to social factors. Four reformers during this time g ave their ideas Gresham Powers claimed that the causes of crime can be found in the rapid growth of wealth, population size, immigration and craft and manufacturing (Bloomberg Lucken). Edward Livingston claimed that crime was product of intemperance, laziness, ignorance, irreligion and poverty (Bloomberg Lucken). John Griscom found crime to be in the context of bad parenting and that parents allow children to do what they involve without restraints and limits (Bloomberg Lucken). Lastly, Thomas Eddy claimed that crime could be traced to excessive passions wish lust, avaritia or violence. These passions overpower the qualities of creator and rationality. (Bloomberg Lucken) Each one of these reformers suggested various rationalitys as to why crime was existing using social factors standardised the conjunction and attitudes of those communities and upbringings as the causes.The many assertions of what the causes of crime essentially implicated three assorted foundations br oken family, intemperance and a general bad environment (Bloomberg Lucken). on that pointfore, when you dress all three of these sources to stayher, the crimes that occurred during this time period held that a tainted fellowship filled with temptation and evil promoted morally weak surroundings which contributed to morally weak people who cant resist the social evils. In the mid(prenominal) 1800s society was in decline. (Bloomberg Lucken) Things were not going good around this time. As a result, when you have a broken family and you live in a bad environment, people do not k immediately right from wrong. The morality of the environment you live in mixed with temptations will make mortal steal or burglarize a home. The morality of what is inherently good and bad was never instilled so the morality of the person is weak. Therefore, these offenders behaviors are seen as a moral disease.The cure for moral disease was a moral light. This concept affected the idea of imprisonment and prison because it was presumed that scientific forward motion that treat physical disorders could be employed to treat evil. Dr. Benjamin direction was a famous physician at the time and believed crime as an infectious disease. Rush along with other doctors medical examinationized pretty much all behaviors. He taught that disease was a habit of wrong action and habits that cause harm are diseases. Crime can ultimately be ripened and the injection against evils and crime first need strong discipline and the close down of any establishments of bad character. Any influences that can corrupt the mind need to be removed in order for one to get better (Bloomberg Lucken). As a result, Rush suggested the idea of a House of repentance. Imprisonment and prisons took on the The House of repentance which helped the prisoner meditate on their crimes, experience remorse, and undertake rehabilitation. These ideas turned into the Pennsylvania System and later led to a penitentiary in hop es to create a repentant installation with solitary confinement. Prison basically became a place to think about what you have done day in and day out and communicate forgiveness for your evil acts of crime.American Penology A history of regard (Enlarged Second Edition), Bloomberg, Thomas Lucken, Karol6. What is the medical nonplus of penology? What was its approach? How did this interpret into real world applications? Did it work- why or why not?Prisons in our society have gone through many transformations and modifications. When one invent does not work we change it for a new one in hopes of better outcomes. Our prison systems have shifted their focus from punishment to rehabilitation indeed from reentry and reintegration hazard to incarceration. Along the way, the demands of the criminal rightness system changed and prison pretences were developed to help crime rates diminish. In 1929, the idea to have institutions that marker rehabilitation as its main goal was introd uced. Prisons were to convert into something similar to a mental hospital that would rehabilitate and assess the offender for readiness to go back into. Therefore, in the 1950s the medical amaze started to become widespread regarding this idea.The medical model is the model of department of corrections based on the effect that criminal behavior is caused by social, psychological, or biological defects that require treatment. Crime was seen as a moral disease and viewed criminals as victims of social disorder. This model was the first genuine effort to apply medical strategies that aimed directly at scientifically classifying, treating, and rehabilitating criminal offenders. The offenders in this model were dealt with on an individual footing to establish the cause or causes of their criminal behavior. The approach this model took was to externalise out why a person committed their crime and what could be done to fix it. The individual treatment was based on what the science of penology decided was needed. Prisons and jails were the ones diagnosing the causes of crime ( medicine abuse, alcohol abuse, etc). They were also the ones recommending programs and procedures to cure the illnesses. Many of the programs applied by the model home confinement, halfway houses, pre-release centers, rallying cry, compulsory release and work programs. Additionally, the new penology procedures included psychotherapy, shock therapy, behavior modification, counseling and aggroup therapy. The offenders criminal history, personality and their unique needs were taken into account to figure out how to fix their illness.Furthermore, the medical model of corrections was designed and aimed to treat criminals illnesses with expectations that when they are released, the offender is cured and will not recidivate. The applicable programs and procedures of the medical model had an admirable goal of helping offenders make solutions to what caused them to commit crimes and apply them . Unfortunately, the model was unsuccessful and it came to an end. One reason the model did not work was because of budget problems. Many states adopted the medical model but only in name. Even when the model was at its highest point, virtually states didnt assign any more than five percent of the budget towards rehabilitation.The medical model was also said to be forced and encouraging dishonesty. The connection of the model was all mandatory instead of voluntary. Offenders had to take their medications and treatments whether they wanted to or not. As a result, the inmates knew what to do if they wanted to get out of prison or jail. They knew if they displayed good behavior and did the treatments and therapies needed, they would be released. Dishonesty amongst the inmates seemed to be seen as encouraged because of this.7. What accounts for the growth of prisons in the U.S.? Give at least 3 explanations along with special(prenominal) examples. Are these valid explanations- why/wh y not?There are many things that account for the growth of prisons in the U.S. three things in particular are the new penal policies that happened in the get- gnarly era, variation of poor, disadvantaged men and recidivism and violations of probation and unloose. In 2009, three are 2,429,299 people in national, state, and local prisons and jails which is the highest incarceration rate in the world (http//www.drugpolicy.org/drug-war-statistics ).One reason is the get-tough-on-crime laws that boosted an increase in prisons. The laws include mandatory sentencing, three strikes, truth-in-sentencing and more that result in longer and harsher penalties. So why would this be a reason for prison growth? Well the aggressive policing in minor crimes like shoplifting, drug possession or other minor offenses traps people in the three-strikes-laws for repeat offenders. The three-strike laws establish mandatory twenty-five years imprisonment which mandates longer sentences for repeat offende rs. Another example is the mandatory negligible sentences from 1986 that are basically fixed sentences to those convicted of a crime, regardless of culpability or other mitigating factors. compulsory minimums were used to catch drug distributions and most people in a mandatory sentence are low-level drug offenses. If caught on drug possession charged you are going away for a minimum of fifteen years no questions or arguments. This is valid because according to the medicine Policy Alliance, more than 80 percent of the increase in the federal prison population from 1985 to 1995 was because of drug convictions (http//www.civilrights.org/publications/justice-on-trial/sentencing.html). Additionally, the three-strike laws are also non-violent repeat offenders. As a result, prisons are constantly trying to make room for all these non-violent offenders and releasing violent felons because these laws say that minor offenses must be tough and the offender must serve their time in prison q uite an than rehabilitation. The reason for these laws was to stop violent criminals, but the opposite is taking place and minor offenses by offenders are sent to prison longer than those who commit violent acts.Mandatory minimum sentencing and the three-strike laws were very hard mostly on drug offenses. The War on Drugs was brought to stop the merchandising, manufacturing and importing of illegal drugs. The two sentencing types led to the increase of drug offenders to fill the prison systems. The Number of people arrested in 2011 in the U.S. on nonviolent drug charges 1.53 million (http//www.drugpolicy.org/drug-war-statistics ).A second reason for the growth of prisons in the U.S is due to the inequality of poor, disadvantaged men. According to Punishment and Inequality in America by Bruce Weston says that unemployment, family instability, and approximation disorder combine to produce especially high rates of violence among young black men.PovertyPoverty cycles create prisoners. Entire demographic groups which are categorize as living at or beneath the poverty level in most studies reflect an individual from that generational group going to prison or jail. During the past 25 years, there has been a widening gap in America between the haves and have nots. Once a person has been jailed or incarcerated, they are categorized by most employers as third class citizens, which limits their opportunities to climb out of a cycle of poverty years after their release. The cultural group impacted the most is African-Americans.A third reason is recidivism and technical violations of probation and parole. There are so many people out on probation and parole that parole and probation violations increases which makes them go back into prison. Serious technical violation like the repeated failure to report, violent crime a pattern of misbehaviour can land a person on probation or parole back in in prison. As we know, there are not many rehabilitation programs that help th e offenders reintegrate back into society. Therefore, when prisoners are released back into society they just recidivate and end up back in prison. This causes a growth of prisons in the U.S. There are two specific statistical examples to show the rates of recidivismOf the 272,111 persons released from prisons in 15 states in 1994, an estimated 67.5% were rearrested for a felony or serious misdemeanor within 3 years, 46.9% were reconvicted, and 25.4% resentenced to prison for a new crime. (http//bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=tptid=17 )Released prisoners with the highest re-arrest rates were robbers (70.2%), burglars (74.0%), larcenists (74.6%), motor vehicle thieves (78.8%), those in prison for possessing or selling stolen property (77.4%), and those in prison for possessing, using, or selling illegal weapons (70.2%). (http//bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=tptid=17 )This argument is valid because these statistics plus many more show how offenders are cycling in and out of the criminal justice system. N ot only do we have new offenders but now old offenders who cannot cycle out of the system.