Fossil Fuels: Contribution and Impact

Fossil Fuels Contri simplyion and ImpactDiscuss the contribution of fogy furnish to novel human society and the environmental impactThe splendor of Fossil Fuels to human society sight non be everyplaceemphasized. creation service much(prenominal) as b offices, train system, general heating system and electricity be being powered with dodo fuels. Due to the high spherical contain of fossil fuels, they form the major protrude of the sparing of producing countries and the world in general. However the impact of fossil fuel to the environment has been an issue of not bad(p) concern. Considering the visible contributions of fossil fuels to contemporary human society, the environmental implications pose a predicament to the world leaders. It is decisive that the hazards posed by fossil fuels to the environment be tactfully sullyd epoch taking into count its arbitrary contributions to civilization. The first section of this essay bequeath discuss in a general contex t the different contributions that fossil fuel had made to the forward-looking human world. It go unwrap further discuss the contributions and environmental implications of combust, crude color and innate shove a colossal. The final section in the form of conclusion testament sum up in a general term the contributions and environmental implications fossil fuels on modern human society. Comparing the trends in the pass judgment at which to individu tout ensemble(prenominal)y wiz type of fossil fuel is being consumed in a global scenario will show the impact of the continuous increase in the appreciate of fossil fuels wasting disease will construct on magazine to come environment. The environmental implication of fossil fuels as discussed in this essay is with respect to contamination and climate change.Energy is fundamental to the quality of our lives. In fact or so(prenominal) human activities depend on the regular and uninterrupted supply of energy. This groun ds fossil fuels essential to modern human society, (Baker, 2008).The issues concerning the facts of the global energy consumption can be related to fossil fuels be develop they serve as primary root word of energy glob exclusivelyy. According to Chow, et al. (2003),the global energy practice session exceeds 370 (EJ) and fossil fuels stand closely 80% of this quantity of energy. This implies that fossil fuels contribute two triad of global energy. Fossil fuels ar made up of namely ember, coer and internal flub. They were formed in the outer layer of the earth from the remain of plants and animals over hundreds of millions of years age (Encarta World English Dictionary, 2005). This implies that fossil fuels ar al nigh non-renewable beca drug abuse its formation process takes a long utter around and this flow is long enough for the world to run out of fossil fuel reserves. Fossil fuels contribution is noticeable considering how the quantity of energy in a country affects both their economy and social life. In the world at once the industrial, transportation, customary service and residential spheres argon been powered mainly by fossil fuel. consequently, these different arnas where fossil fuels be majorly consumed underscore their valuable contributions to modern human society.One of the key uses of fossil fuels is to generate electricity. b overlooken is adept of the major fuel sources for electricity times. The relative low follow of scorch and its abundanceadded to the fact that it does notrequire the upkeep of pipelines and security issues while transporting combust is an advantage over early(a) sources of fossil fuels for generating electricity. Coal fuels the economy of countries, for example China has about 30% of the worlds coal reserves and uses coal as their major energy supply, (OECD, 1998). Chinas industrial power which allow for sparing growth depends virtually on coal (IEA, 2005). However Chinas dependence on coal has l ed to the countrys emitting about 39% of the issue forth global carbonic acid featureemission. Burning coal produce useful by-product that ar been employ in the industrial orbit mainly in steel plants and cementum twists, (Rohde, 1998). However, the environmental issues being raised by the global consumption of coal is of major concern. The toxins emitted from the combustion of coal and the waste from it mining process depart in climate change and making the s embrocate unproductive for floriculture, (OECD, 1983). Coal in comparison with the two otherwise types of fossil fuels has more(prenominal) environmental impacts. According to the OECDS ordinaryation on coal and environmental protection states during geographic expedition of coal to its end use coal has environmental implicationsDuring mining, treatment, transport and shop the sources of environmental concern can be summarized as subsidence, land use, gasolene and satisfying waste, dust, noise, vibration an d deterioration of surface and subsurface natural piddle systems. The major sources of contamination during combustion are air emissions of SOx, NOxand particulates, and solid waste materials.(OECD, 1998)Source BP coal consumption table, 2008. Fromhttp//www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_ prevalentations/statistical_energy_review_2008/STAGING/local_assets/downloads/pdf/coal_table_of_coal_consumption_2008.pdfFigure 1 to a higher place shows the increase in the rate of consumption of coal. There was a slight decrease in 1998 and 1999. This king be as a payoff of a reduction in consumption of coal in different countries. However, generally the rate of increase between years is not very much but if this increase rate is consistent over a period of judgment of conviction the quantity of coal consumed will be astronomical which implies that the environmental issues posed by coal will overly be on the increase.In recent times, technological e mergence and with both(prenominal) regulatory organizations that manages mining activities, the environmental issues are minimized. A careful comparison of the contributions of coal to the human society and its environmental implications makes the issue of coal controversial, (IEA, 1998). temporary hookup the environmental implications posed by coal mining and usage are of concern, its contribution to modern human society requires that the action to be interpreted should be balanced with calculates to its economical, energy and environmental impact.Oil like coal has contributed to modern human society in quite a subdue of ways. Unlike coal, it is easier and cleaner to burn and have a wider grip of application. It is consumed the most among coal and natural gas. In fact the increase in take in of oil results in a lucrative international oil market. Therefore this lucrative oil market is an advantage to the oil producing countries because when either the rate of global demand, p rice or both increases these countries economy will be benefited. The major contribution of oil to modern human society is straightforward in the industrial and transportation firmament. Most machines use in the industries make use of refined oil product. In the transportation sector aircraft and automobiles are examples of machines that make use of refined oil product. In accessory, plastic and purifying are byproducts of oil. However, just like the other types of fossil fuels, the processes of exploration, refining, transporting and consumption of oil have an environmental implication.Firstly during exploration of oil, damage of drilling bollocks will result in escape of oil, (OECD, 1973). In an pull downt where oil escapes, the case will be that the soil and/or the sea will be polluted. This will lead to loss of productive land for agriculture and possibly, extinction of the aquatic habitants in the surrounding sea. In auxiliary to loss of drilling mud is the seismic tech nique for exploration. As a result of the loud and low frequency output, this technique endangers marine lives during offshore exploration, (Kennesaw order University, 2009).Another environmental issues associated with the process of refining oil is the methods which the refinery chooses to dispose oil waste. These wastes are some(prenominal)time after being treated with a purportedly less harmful chemical is emptied into the sea. This chemi imposey treated waste with time get to the point it becomes poisonous to aquatic life, (OECD, 1971). Also some gases are being emitted during refining and this leads to air pollution which harmful to both homo and animals. These gases can cause cancer and other diseases to humans if inhaled.Oil tattle is the major issue with oil transportation. According to the article Environmental information activities for the 21stcentury published by Kennesaw State UniversityOil acquittance during transportation of oil account for an estimated 44 mill ion gallons being dumped into the worlds irrigate supply system, with 29 million gallons of this coming in the form of oil oil well spills. inbred gas is an important source of energy for reducing pollution and maintaining a clean and healthier environment compared to coal and oil. In addition to being a domestically abundant and secure source of energy, the use of natural gas alike offers a return of environmental benefits over other sources of energy, mainly other types of fossil fuels, (BP, 2006). The different uses of natural gas in modern human society make it an essential part of human life. Natural gas domestic uses are part of the numerous social impact it has on human society. Natural gas is expedient and it is being piped straight to the consumers facility which in contrast, oil mustiness be trucked to the customers location, and truck bearies are to liable to weather conditions. Natural gas is reliable, (BP, 2006). Natural gas is the cleanest burning fossil fuel. Because the combustion process for natural gas is almost stark(a), very few byproducts are emitted into the atmosphere as pollutants. The saturnine flame seen when natural gas is ignited is a sign of perfect combustion. Natural gas is mainly used for domestic, commercialised, industrial and power generation purposes.Firstly, the residential applications of natural gas are the most commonly cognise use of natural gas. It can be used for cooking, washing and drying, water system warming, heating and air conditioning. Domestic appliances are increasingly improved in order to use natural gas more economically and safely. run constitutes of natural gas equipment are generally lower than those of oil and coal. It is mainly used commercially by food service forgetrs, hotels, healthcare facilities and in office buildings. Also natural gas commercial applications implicate cooling (space conditioning and refrigeration), cooking or heating.Secondly, Natural gas is used as an input t o manufacture pulp and paper, metals, chemicals, st superstar, clay, glass, and to process certain foods. natural gas is excessively used to treat waste materials, for incineration, drying, dehumidification, heating and cooling, and cogeneration. In addition electric utilities and independent power producers are increasingly using natural gas to provideenergy for their power plants. In general, natural gas fuelled power plants have lower corking bells, are built faster, exploit more efficiently and emit less pollution than other fossil fuel power plants, (IEA, 1998). Technological profits in propose, efficiency and doing of have cycle gas turbines and co-generation processes are favoring the use of natural gas in power generation. Natural gas in a joint- electricity generation produces power and heat that is useful for industries as well as commercial users. This cogeneration reduces pollution emission considerably.Although the combustion of natural gas produces very slim N Ox, this chemical is however a ototoxic agents that results to acidic compounds and when combined with water and result in acid rain. Also, the length of the complex and extensive systems of pipelines in which natural gas are being transported through are in thousands of kilometers. Considering that natural gas in the pipe is in a condensate state, in the case of material defects and pipe corrosion to ground corroding natural gas will be exposed to the environment and in effect will pollute the air. Also, the technique of superfluouscting natural gas is one of its disadvantages which are because of the creation of cavities in the ground during extraction. If natural gas is been inhaled in large amounts is harmful to humans.The gas is extracted from a natural gas field. The squelch exerted by the gas helps support the layers of soil above the gas field. When the gas is extracted, the soil pressure increases and cavities are created in the ground. These cavities can sometimes cau se the ground to sink and the productive land for agriculture might be lost. Another environmental implication of natural gas is that the gas is toxic and can be poisonous. If the fields from which it was extracted were not treated, it can be toxic. The convention nursery gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides. Methane being the formula component of natural gas makes it a matter of concern with regards to greenhouse emission that results to climate change. Methane is a very strong greenhouse gas. In fact, it has an ability to trap heat almost 21 times more effectively than carbon dioxide, (naturalgas.org, 2004).Source Chow, J. et al (2003). Energy resources and global culture. Sciencemag.org, vol. 302.In conclusion the different contributions of fossil fuels to the modern human society are very noticeable. The chart above shows the global fossil fuels consumption by sectorial end use. The contributions of fossil fuels are made evident in the different sectors mentioned above. Form this essay, it can be suggested that the global fossil fuels consumption be reduced and more regulation that will effectively minimize the environmental implications of fossil fuels. it will be helpful if manufacturers consider environmental factors when producing machines and appliances that is being powered by fossil fuels. Moreover, resolving the global dilemma presented by fossil fuels will require a collective feat of every human. close Finance Initiatives Advantages and Disadvantages snobby Finance Initiatives Advantages and DisadvantagesPFI PrinciplesThe PFI, known as Private Finance Initiative, is a type of Public Private fusion procurance method utilize in UK look industry in 1992. (Chinyio and Gameson, 2009) As an important part of Governments strategy for speaking high quality humans services, Private Finance Initiative requires the offstage financers to put its own bang-up at assay to deliver clear outlined public bulge outs for a long term period, ensuring the quality of the work delivered within the time and reckon. (HM Treasury, 2009) OGC (2007, p.6) defined PFI as Where the public sector distils to purchase quality services, with defined outputs from the buck snobby sector on long term basis, and including maintaining or constructing the necessary radical so as to take advantage of confidential care skills incentivised by having confidential finance at risk.PFI has now covered most of public services such as health, education, defense force, prisons and transportations. Typically, PFI procurance involves contracting the entire thrust package including design, reflexion, finance, operation and maintenance, to a group of occult companies which consists of a moderately skilled construction firm and a facility wariness firm, for a long period of 20 30 years. The organisation in addition provides specifications indicating the services and precedents it requests, and leave the control right of design and construction and operation completely to the private group for the contract period. (Bennett and Iossa, 2006) It is only recommended for molds to take PFI route when the capital cost is in all probability to exceed 20m. (OGC, 2007) Bennett and Iossa (2009) say that its more likely to use PFI procurement if the externality is commanding and the blueprint on residual honour is large.Advantages capacious-Term RelationshipPFI is not only focusing on the evaluate for money, it also stressed the development of long term relationship between public sector and private sector. Robinson and Scott (2009) indicates that semipermanent relationships in PFI befuddles can provide a powerful incentive in order to learn from apiece other, share the knowledge, innovate and continuously improve the performance between private sector and public sector in object delivery. Partnering is a crucial key of PFI procurement, the good performance of which will lead to the success of the image. Spackman (2002, pp.283-301) addresses victor can be progress tod only if the public authority and the affirmer prelude the make in a spirit of partnership, wit understanding of all(prenominal) others business and a common vision of how beat out they can work together.Public SavingPFI/ palatopharyngoplasty procurement has the potential to reduce the cost, and deliver better quality work with the same cost in other procurements. (Bing and Akintoye, 2003) Research shows that the governings investment using PFI procurement in the UK is now about 10-14% in its total investment. (Grimsey and Lewis, 2005) Local authorities are keen to use PFI to deliver a purge via partnership as they do not charter to borrow money from the banks. Spackman (2002) finds the government constrains its borrowing because it concerns about future taxation, economic demand, costs of the borrowing, and flexibility responding to future economy shocks. The inte await cost of public debit in UK is a t 2-2.5 percent, however for the cost of private one is only about 1 percent. (Spackman, 2002) Anon (2009, p.3) declares that In the UK, lose of cash is forcing the government to look at using PPPs for more broadly. The deliver for the government is not only from the borrowing tax aspect, but also in total apprize of the visualizes compared with tralatitious procurement. Parker and Hartley, 2003 (in Grimsey and Lewis, 2005) claim that PPP contracts for UK defence services save cost range from 5-40 percent compared traditional public procurement.Private ProfitOne of the benefits for private sectors to take PFI is that under the long term ownership, they can gain incomes and put ons under their management and operation, or exchange benefits with the local authorities. Carrillo at el. (2008) indentifies that one of the key drivers for the penury of the PFI is the strong and long term income stream and higher returns and profitability. Spackman (2002, pp.283-301) also mentions its easier to increase charges to tuck a contract with a private operator than by right to vote in local or national government, and private financiers might regard income from users as a less risky source of r compensateue.Better trouble SkillsAs private financers are more capable for management in business in various fields, the government believes that the private sector has a better role to offer project management skills, advance(a) design and facility and risk management. (Carrillo at el., 2008) Spackman (2002) stresses that the monitoring pressures on contractors from private sectors whitethorn be stronger than those from the public sector which is leading to a quality work.Long Term ContractIn PFI, contractors are tied into a long-term commitment, so that it reduces that a contractor can walk away during the project if no sufficient funding is in place. Even though contracts might restrict this from happening, but it is difficult to design and impose broad articles and c lauses in the contract for a long contractual period. (Spackman, 2002) essay TransferRisk transfer is also an important element for delivering a good PFI project. Carrillo at el. (2008) claim that PFI will reduce the risk level carried by the government and transfer it to the contractors. Grimsey and Lewis (2005, pp.345-378) concludes that The transferred risk is often a key determinant of judge for money in PPPs, and one that may need to be updated as dialogs processed, to allow for variations in risk allocation. Apart from public procurement cost risk, there are also other risks such as come out use, site operation and access, building warnings, operations and management, financial conditions, maintenances and services, residual value and revenue etc. (Grimsey and Lewis, 2005) Those risks can all be considered and transferred to private side. In UK, there is a long list of samples for public funded projects being slow or finished with over budget. Such risks being transferred from public sector to private sector through a PPP route is considered to be adding value for money for public project, as private sector will solely manage the project cost, time and quality. (Grimsey and Lewis, 2005)Less Construction epochPFI is considered to be one of the procurements which can deliver project under or on time. MacDonald, 2002 (in Grimsey and Lewis, 2005) reviewed 50 large UK public procurement projects in the prehistorical 20 years, and found 11 were using PFI/PPP, average of which were completed under-time. HM Treasury, 2003b (in Grimsey and Lewis, 2005) reviewed 61 PFI projects, 89 percent of which were completed under or on time. Compared with traditional procured projects, 30 percent of which delivered on time, PFI projects could be completed on time with a 76 percent. (UK National analyze Office, 2003, in Grimsey and Lewis, 2005) spoken language against BudgetPFI is also considered to be one of the procurements which can deliver project under or on budg et. HM Treasury, 2003b (in Grimsey and Lewis, 2005) reviewed 61 PFI projects, all of which were all finished within the budget. Compared with traditional procured projects finished with 27 percent on budget, PFI projects completed on budget with a 78 percent. (UK National Audit Office, 2003, in Grimsey and Lewis, 2005)Innovation flakPFI schemes allow the private bidders to explore their zest to develop creational and unique projects which can also meet the required standards from the government. (Bing and Akintoye, 2003) When the project is under the ownership of public sector, renegotiation between the private financiers and the public guests must be carried out before the innovation is applied. However, when the project is the ownership of private sector, interest governments specifications, private financiers has own power and freedom to implement an innovative approach to meet its own requirements. (Bennett and Iossa, 2006)DisadvantagesTime TakingResearch shows that most supp liers complain that during the procurement, the PFI process takes too long for management decisions. (Spackman, 2002) Li (in Bing et al., 2005a, pp.25-35) claims that the most negative factor associated with PFI/PPP procurement is a lot of management time spent in the contract transaction, length delays in negotiation and high participation cost. Furthermore, Carrillo at el. (2008, pp.138-145) state that PFI projects are complex than traditional procurement taking longer lead-in time before the jump-start of the construction. It also adds It is unsustainable for a private company to have staff have-to doe with on a project for a 5 years period without a positive outcome.Risk AllocationIt is an advantage for public sector that their risks during PFI have been allocated away to private sections. However, it would be a shortcoming for private bidders to carry the risks somehow. OGC (2007, p.10) indicates that construction projects are undertaken by the private sector, which are incen tivised by having private finance at risk.High followAccording to look into from Bing et al. (2005b), PPP/PFI procurement has problems such as high tender cost, change negotiation, innovation cost restrains and conflicting in objectives between stakeholders. Carrillo at el. (2008) also find complain from both of client and contractors that the costs for the bidding, design and construction are higher than the traditional procurements.Lack of ExpertiseThere are still many public professionals not start outd with PFI as it is so complex to cope with. Carrillo at el. (2008) indicates that lack of expertise in public sector in toll of experience is one of the issues for PFI process. It adds further that the lack of expertise has negative impacts on the PFI projects, and the local authorities who are limit with the experience are also struggling to keep up the private partners, which influences the partnering development.Government InfluenceThe government is somehow bombarded that it is trying to show positive sides of PFI as much as it can in order to advertise implementation of PFI. The research and studies carried out so far by the government have been using a limited amount of projects with certain focus. It is recommended to call for more independent and third party studies for a wide range of project research and collect feedback from the clients in all types of projects to digest the PFI performance. (Carrillo at el., 2008)Procurement ComparisonIn order to procure the project of residential development for Wulfruna University in UK, PFI and forge and Build are taken into account for the project procurement. Comparison and analysis are carried out as adjacent. foundation Build design Build is one of the popular procurement methods implemented in the construction industry. Since April 2000, DB has been nominated as one of the procurement recommendations along with PFI and Prime Contracting by the government body. (OGC, 2007) The basic t distributi velying of DB procurement is, as fig.1 shown, the client sets up the requirements and standards, and then send them to the DB contractor for the delivery of the work. There is always possible survival of the fittest for client to consult other design professionals for initial innovations and design concepts. Once, the client is contracted with the DB contractor, its responsibility of design involvement is totally reduced. Risks shifts to the DB project team, consisting of designers, suppliers and subcontractors, who will take full responsibility to carry out the design and construction of the projects. (OGC, 2007)Brief AnalysisWith the intention of analysis the brief, following key points have been indentifiedExisting 12,500 students with 800 house of lobby and 450 on designExisting 65% manlys and 60% full timersProposed 450 bed hall of manor hallProposed building with comprised different types of try-onProposed building with a modern standardProposed building to hire out to tourists or public members during holidaysAnalysisThe veritable student number is 12, 500, and full time student is about 7,500. simply the number of the halls is only 1,250 (including the one on proposal). This figure is only about 16.7% of the current full time student number, if 1,2500 rooms are all counted as single units. There is a possibility of future development of more student halls of residence.If current full time student number is about 7,500 who need student accommodation, there could be about 4,875 male students. It is common that the maintenance and cleaning for the rooms rented out for male students are more likely harder and difficult than the ones for female students. So that the proposed building should be quality ensured with good maintenance scheme in place.450 bed hall of residence with modern standard and mixed types of rooms could increase the project cost, and it is likely to over the 20m limit. Such a number of students accommodation also needs a good m anagement and administration.The requirement of different types of accommodation might involve variation during design stage of the project.A modern standard might involve client into the design for its appetite of innovation approach and standard.Renting out tourists and other public members could increase extra income for the owner. Good management and operation are required from experience management firms to provide professional services.PFI versus Design BuildProject TimeIt is understandably indentified in the previous section that the majority of PFI project delivered under or on time. DB comes with 2 options for competing projects normally. One is fixed price project therefore, the project will be delivered in spades within the budget or no extra costs for the clients if its over. But the time of the project is uncertain. The other option is fixed time project, which can contract the project time, but the cost of the work could be more than what clients expects. Therefore, in terms of project time, both PFI and DB are all suited for the project.Project CostPFI is considered to be cost efficient delivery, and it always meets the budget or even under the budget. But it may cost more for the bidding cost for the contractors. DB can apply fixed price option so that both procurement methods can meet the requirement of cost even though the cost requirement is not clear in this brief. However, and again, the time will not be guaranteed.Project QualityDue to PFI is mingled a long term contract for the contractor and private financiers, it guarantee the quality and maintenance of the project. However, DB is somehow has more chance to deliver a less quality work depending on the morale and motivation of the contractor, contractor might reduce the quality of the work in terms of material or skilled labour etc to save a profit for its own. According to the analysis b, PFI is more favourable for the quality work in this project.Clients InvolvementWhen the privat e financier claims the ownership, involvement of design is more likely to happen in order to input innovation approach to achieve the appetite of financiers own. Therefore variation is allowed to occur within the PFI. However, DB contractor process the project from design to construction, there is not involvement for the client. whatsoever variation for the project will lead an extra fee to be implemented by the contractor. According to the brief analysis d and e, PFI is definitely better for DB in this case.Risk AllocationIn PFI, risks will be transferred to the private financier for the development. In DB, client only have a single contractual link with the contractor, shown as in fig. 1. The risk the client carried is little and passes most of it to the contractor.Project NaturePFI procurement is suitable for complex project, in which the project cost is more than 20m according to the submission from OGC. DB, however, is also suitable for the complex project. As in the brief an alysis c, it indicates complex types of accommodation requirement, both PFI and DB can procure this project.Partnering ApproachIt is no doubt that PFI is the only one procurement which required partnering for project compared with DB. Good partnering can lead to exchange of learning, knowledge sharing and improvement of delivery. In the brief analysis a, there is a potential development of student halls in the future if the number of students keeps increasing. Good partnering and relationship are the keys for quality delivery. PFI is then better than DB to be selected.Management surgical operation MaintenancePFI is a long term contractual practice which involves design, construction, management, operation and maintenance for a period of 20 to 30 years. Private sector sometimes has better management skills than public sector. Analysis f stresses the need of good Management and Operation, and also analysis b again claims the wideness of maintenance. PFI, therefore, is once again th e only option for this requirement contrasted with DB extract RecommendationAccording to HM Treasurys Central Unit on Purchasing, 1992 (in Masterman, J.W.E., 2002), filling of an appropriate procurement method can be achieved following the following stepsReview of contract strategyAnalysisOptionsSelection of best strategyImplementationThe document suggests clients or project managers to score how each procurement method meet the requirement of the objectives in various aspects, in which way the evaluation of the procurement is carried out. (Masterman, J.W.E., 2002) As fig. 2 shown, each standard criterion has its own requirements relative weighting range from 1 to 4. A satisfaction score range from 1 to10 should then be inclined to the procurement matching with the standard criteria. After the scoring, a calculation should be done by using the procurement score on one of the criteria multiplied by the weigh for the matched criteria. Then add up all the results to get a total scor e. For instance, in fig. 2, the underlined figures show the timing weighing for the project and traditional procurements score on this aspect for the project, so it should be calculated as 4 X 4 = 16, and 16 is the total score for the traditional procurements performance on timing. Then add the rest scores for variation, project nature etc. The more the score is, the more suitable the procurement will be.It is recommended that the client, the Wulfruna University, should firstly analysis and identify the wideness of each objective for the entire project, and provide the scale weighing on the object criteria according to the importance level. Then follow the sample shown above to list common procurement methods and give a score to each one. In the end, to choose the most scored procurement for the student hall of residence project. However, there are also other types of selection, but the main principles are all similar to each other.ConclusionIn this report, it has reviewed PFI proc urement. The review has acknowledge PFI can provide quality project within the time and budget scale, freedom of innovation, long term relationship, risk transfer from public sector to private sector etc, but has also underlined some drawbacks such as long decision making, high bid cost and lack of experience for both side etc. Meanwhile, it has compared two chosen procurement types PFI and Design Build, both of which are recommended by the government body. According to the brief analysis, it has listed some key points and requirements for the projects and comparison against each requirement between PFI and DB are carried out. It is clearly that PFI can provide more to meet the requirement of the project brief. 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